Acute Communicable
Disease Control

 
Contact Information
County of Los Angeles
Department of Public Health
Acute Communicable Disease Control
313 N. Figueroa Street, #212
Los Angeles, CA 90012
Phone: (213) 240-7941
Fax: (213) 482-4856
Email:acdc2@ph.lacounty.gov

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Acute Communicable Disease Control
Toxic Shock Syndrome

Toxic shock syndrome (TSS) is a rare, life-threatening bacterial infection that is usually caused by exotoxin producing strains of Staphylococcus aureus. In 1980, an outbreak of TSS occurred that mostly involved young women who had been using a particular brand of ultra-absorbent tampons. Since the removal of ultra-absorbent tampons from the US market, cases are rarely linked to tampons anymore. In addition to women, TSS can also occur in men and children. Other risk factors for infection include skin wounds and surgery.

Toxic Shock Syndrome became a nationally reportable disease in 1980 and is a reportable condition in California. In Los Angeles County, approximately one to three cases are confirmed each year. The surveillance case definition as recommended by the CDC and Council of State and Territorial Epidemiologists (CSTE) includes both clinical and laboratory data. Cases are defined as probable if five of the six clinical findings described below are present while cases are confirmed if all of the criteria described below are present, including desquamation, unless the patient dies before desquamation occurs.

Case Criteria:
    • Fever
    • Rash
    • Desquamation
    • Hypotension
    • Multisystem involvement (in three or more organ symptoms)
    • Negative results on the following tests, if obtained:
        ° Blood, throat, or cerebrospinal fluid cultures
          (blood culture may be positive for Staphylococcus aureus)
        ° Rise in titer to Rocky Mountain spotted fever, leptospirosis, or measles

 

Additional Resources
  • Hajjeh RA, Reingold A, Weil A, et al. Toxic shock syndrome in the United States: surveillance update, 1979-1996. Emerg Infect Dis J. 1999;5:no. 6.
  • Gavanta S. Reingold AL, Hightower AW et al., Active surveillance for toxic shock syndrome in the United States. 1986. Rev Infect Dis 1989:2(suppl1):S28-34.
  • CDC. Toxic-shock syndrome United States. MMWR 1990;39:421-24.
  • CDC. Toxic-shock syndrome-United States. MMWR 1980:29-30.
  • Schuchat A, Broome CV. Toxic Shock Syndrome and Tampons. Epidemiologic Reviews 1991:13:99-112.

 

 
Public Health has made reasonable efforts to provide accurate translation. However, no computerized translation is perfect and is not intended to replace traditional translation methods. If questions arise concerning the accuracy of the information, please refer to the English edition of the website, which is the official version.
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